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3D X-ray microscopy lights up nanoparticles in plants

Kristensen, E. V. · Siracusa, F. · Pinna, A. · Ertem, I. · Szameitat, A. · Villanova, J. · Gao, X. · Schiefler, A. · Tobler, D. J. · Ghoshal, S. · Husted, S. · Mokso, R.

bioRxiv · 11 May 2025 · 10.1101/2025.05.08.652794

Abstract

The discovery of novel plant fertilization strategies heavily relies on our capabilities to probe physiological processes in living plants with sub-cellular precision. State-of-the-art microscopy techniques are in general limited to surface investigation or they require elaborated tissue preparation and often destruction. X-ray microscopy has the potential to resolve some of these limitations by generating micro-to nanometer-scale 3D images deep into the tissue. We introduce experimental designs and the quantitative analysis methodologies, pioneering nanoscale ({approx}150 nm resolution) in-vivo 3D microscopy of plant tissue. We show the first direct in-vivo visualization of foliar-applied untagged nanoparticulate fertilizers deep under the leaf surface, not accessible by other microscopy methods. Ultimately, our approach provides the means for a direct observation of nanoparticle transport and dissolution in living plant tissue, a step critical for developing sustainable plant fertilization approaches.

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