A xanthene-based red-emitting fluorescent probe for the detection and monitoring of carbon monoxide in bacterial pneumonia models and in plant samples.

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) functions as a critical signaling molecule in both mammalian inflammation and plant stress responses. However, existing techniques face challenges in real-time monitoring of CO dynamics across biological kingdoms. Here we developed Z2CO, a xanthene-based red-emitting fluorescent probe constructed on a Pd(0)-triggered Tsuji-Trost allylic cleavage mechanism. Upon CO recognition, Z2CO generates a distinct turn-on fluorescence signal at 625 nm within 10 min. The probe exhibits favorable properties including an 80 nm Stokes shift, low detection limit (0.193 μM, 3σ/k criterion), excellent water solubility, and minimal cytotoxicity, making it suitable for complex biological applications. Using Z2CO, we successfully visualized endogenous CO generation in pulmonary tissues of lipopolysaccharide-induced bacterial pneumonia mice and quantitatively evaluated anti-inflammatory drug efficacy. Furthermore, we extended Z2CO to plant systems, achieving real-time monitoring of CO dynamics in cadmium-stressed edible sprouts and brassica rapa. These investigations provide direct evidence for CO involvement in heavy metal-triggered signal transduction networks. Collectively, Z2CO constitutes a versatile tool for elucidating CO-mediated physiological and pathological processes across animal and plant systems.

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