Nondestructively-measured leaf ammonia emission rates can partly reflect maize growth status.

Abstract

A deep understanding of ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions from cropland can promote efficient crop production. To date, little is known about leaf NH 3 emissions because of the lack of rapid detection methods. We developed a method for detecting leaf NH 3 emissions based on portable NH 3 sensors. The study aimed to (i) determine the performance of the method in detecting leaf NH 3 emissions; (ii) analyze the variation of leaf NH 3 emissions with foliar rank; and (iii) elucidate the relationships between leaf NH 3 emissions and other leaf parameters. Maize (Zea mays L.) was used as the tested plant. The results showed that the NH 3 sensors had good repeatability, accuracy, and selectivity in detecting NH 3 . The response time of the method ranged 7-22 s and the NH 3 reading ranged 0.078-0.463 μmol mol -1 . Leaf NH 3 emissions were observed mainly in daytime (negligible at night). Daytime leaf NH 3 emission rates ranged 0.347-1.725 μg N cm -2 d -1 . The middle leaves (near the ear) were the major contributor to plant NH 3 -N loss. There were significant linear relationships between leaf NH 3 emission rates and other nondestructively-measured leaf parameters [e.g., SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development, which reflects the relative concentration of leaf chlorophyll), stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and net photosynthetic rate] (p 4 + ) concentration and leaf total N concentration (p 4 + concentration, leaf total N concentration, and leaf NH 3 emission rate. Overall, nondestructively-measured leaf NH 3 emission rates can partly reflect maize growth status and provide information for N management in maize production.

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