Wheat height monitoring from GPS/BDS reflected signals using pseudorange and dual-frequency carrier phase observables.

Abstract

Introduction Ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has recently emerged as a low-cost, continuous, and high-resolution technique for monitoring crop growth. However, conventional GNSS-R approaches that rely on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) observables are limited by data availability, particularly from legacy receivers, and the effectiveness of observable combination methods in this context has not yet been established. Methods This study presents the first successful attempt to retrieve wheat height using ground-based GNSS-R with code pseudorange and dual-frequency carrier phase observables. Six observable combination schemes from GPS and BDS were evaluated through a field experiment at the Fengqiu Agro-ecology Experimental Station in China. A GDD-parameterized Logistic growth model was employed as a continuous reference. A multi-system, multi-satellite fusion strategy was developed, incorporating principal frequency power weighting within each system and residual reciprocal weighting across systems. Results The observable combination method effectively captured wheat growth dynamics. The best-performing combinations-GPS C5I+L5I+L2P and BDS C2I+L2I+L6I-achieved correlation coefficients (R) of 0.935 and 0.957, and RMSE values of 0.081 m and 0.086 m, respectively. Dual-system fusion further enhanced retrieval accuracy, reducing RMSE by 22.6% compared with the best single-system combination and by 34.6% relative to an SNR-based method. Discussion These findings demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of pseudorange and dual-frequency carrier phase combinations for SNR-independent GNSS-R crop monitoring. The proposed strategy offers a robust, scalable, and accessible tool for precision agriculture and continuous crop growth tracking, particularly in contexts where SNR data are unavailable or unreliable.

Code and data availability

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