Application and perspectives of plant flexible sensors in precision agriculture: material, fabrication and functional analysis

Abstract

As an important part of terrestrial ecosystems, the growth and development of plants were regulated by a variety of environmental factors. The rapid development of precision agriculture had put forward higher requirements for real-time monitoring of crop growth environments. Although traditional sensing technology could provide environmental data, it had limitations such as strong invasiveness, large dimensional rigidity, and insufficient long-term monitoring capabilities. The review aimed to systematically review the progress and applications of plant flexible sensors in plant science, highlighting their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional sensors through non-invasive, real-time, and dynamic monitoring of plant physiological and environmental parameters. The review focused on the material systems, fabrication processes, and functional applications of plant flexible sensors. Special attention was given to the roles of conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, and biocompatible substrates in sensor development. Plant flexible sensors, due to their mechanical compliance, functional sensitivity, and energy-efficient operation, offered significant advantages over traditional biosensors. These included in-situ monitoring, long-term operational stability, multi-parameter sensing capabilities, and enhanced adaptability to complex environmental conditions. The reviewed literature demonstrated that plant flexible sensors provided effective and precise monitoring solutions across a wide range of plant physiological processes and environmental conditions. The review provided theoretical guidance and technical reference for the design and application of plant flexible sensors in future agricultural research. The insights gained from this review could facilitate the development of smart agriculture systems, promote advances in plant phenomics, and support sustainable ecological monitoring efforts.

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