Exploring photosynthetic dynamics in diverse crop canopies by using hyperspectral and solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) data

Abstract

To overcome threats to agro-ecosystems, such as a dramatic species decline, an ecological intensification in crop production is needed. One possible strategy is the simultaneous cultivation of legume and cereal plants in a mixed arrangement, namely mixed cropping. Cereal-legume crop mixtures may benefit from diversity effects, i.e. improved use of environmental resources such as light, water and nitrogen. Thus, mixtures have shown to result in higher land productivity with respect to grain yield compared to sole cropping. However, mixture systems are complex and difficult to study due to dynamic species interactions and their heterogeneous canopy structures. To better understand structural and functional diversity effects in a mixed cropping system, we non-invasively studied two crops in a field trial in 2021 and 2022. Here, different genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were combined in six legume-cereal mixtures. The 1:1 mixtures were compared to each other and against the respective sole crops. To study structural and functional diversity effects in mixtures, we applied proximal and remote sensing tools. We characterized photosynthesis-related plant traits derived from hyperspectral and solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) data recorded with ground-based and airborne sensors. The high-performance airborne spectrometer HyPlant was used to acquire SIF image data with 1 m spatial resolution. Additionally, we collected hyperspectral and SIF point measurements with the mobile field sensor system FloX on different dates during the two growing seasons. We found that HyPlant and FloX datasets of different mixtures and crop types collected in mid-June showed significantly different levels of far-red SIF emission efficiency (εF) (p

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